摩擦材料原材料的选用和控制

Selection and control of raw materials for friction materials

内容摘要

Content summary

本文全面阐述了摩擦材料用原材料的选用原则、常用原材料的种类、品种、各种原材料主要技术指标及其意义、以及原材料的管理。

This paper comprehensively expounds the selection principle of raw materials for friction materials, the types and varieties of commonly used raw materials, the main technical indicators and their significance of various raw materials, and the management of raw materials.

汽车用摩擦制动片是车辆上看似普通实则是决定人车安全的主要安全类部件。不断提高产品本身的技术指标和保证产品质量的稳定是我们摩擦材料行业广大同仁的责任。

The friction brake pad used in automobile is a kind of main safety component which seems to be ordinary on the vehicle, but actually it is the main safety part to determine the safety of people and vehicles. It is the responsibility of our colleagues in friction material industry to continuously improve the technical indicators of products and ensure the stability of product quality.

摩擦材料产品的生产有四个关键的环节，即配方设计、原材料选用和控制、生产工艺和质量控制。配方每个环节都必须一丝不苟。

There are four key links in the production of friction materials, that is, formulation design, selection and control of raw materials, production technology and quality control. Every step of the formula must be meticulous.

摩擦材料是由多种材料混合组成的复合物。车辆制动时，摩擦制动块和制动鼓或制动盘组成的摩擦对偶界面由于通过摩擦吸收车辆运动的动能，分子运动加快温度升高。这样就会引发该界面发生一系列改变物体形态的物理变化和一系列改变物质结构和组成的化学变化。防止和消除这些变化对摩擦材料和摩擦对偶接触界面的摩擦性能的影响，是提高摩擦材料技术水平的关键。所以摩擦材料原材料是摩擦材料产品生产的前提，在设计配方时必须研究相关原材料的物理性质和化学性质。

Friction material is a compound composed of many kinds of materials. When the vehicle is braked, the friction dual interface composed of the friction brake block and the brake drum or brake disc absorbs the kinetic energy of the vehicle motion through friction, and the molecular motion accelerates and the temperature rises. In this way, a series of physical changes and a series of chemical changes that change the structure and composition of the substance will take place at the interface. It is the key to improve the technical level of friction materials to prevent and eliminate the influence of these changes on the friction properties of friction materials and friction dual contact interface. Therefore, the raw materials of friction materials are the premise of the production of friction materials, and the physical and chemical properties of relevant raw materials must be studied when designing the formula.

确定原材料的几个环节。

Determine several links of raw materials.

确定原材料标准和规格，做到科学合理适用。

一、 Determine the standards and specifications of raw materials to achieve scientific and reasonable application.

（1）.原材料标准和规格尽量复合和靠近国家标准或行业标准。这样有利于采购和以后使用过程中的质量控制。

(1) Raw material standards and specifications should be as close as possible to national standards or industrial standards. This is conducive to the quality control in the process of procurement and future use.

（2）.若现有标准不能满足使用要求，可以提出和生产厂家协商特殊加工。

(2) If the existing standards can not meet the use requirements, special processing can be negotiated with the manufacturer.

（3）.借鉴国际先进摩擦材料行业先进原材料标准。

(3) Learn from the advanced raw material standards of international advanced friction material industry.

（4）.根据设计配方特点设计特殊原材料、复合材料或对原材料进行特殊工艺加工，使它具有某些复合需要的特殊功能。

(4) According to the characteristics of the design formula, special raw materials and composite materials are designed or processed by special processes, so that they have some special functions needed for composite.

(5).材料来源广泛、易得、价格合理低廉。

(5) Materials are widely available, easy to obtain and reasonable in price.

二．可供优先选择使用摩擦材料原材料类型和品种

二、 The type and variety of raw materials of friction materials can be selected preferentially

（1）.粘结剂

(1) . binder

目前摩擦材料常用粘结剂是酚醛树脂和橡胶类有机物质。粘结剂是摩擦材料的关键材料。

At present, the common binders for friction materials are phenolic resin and rubber. Binder is the key material of friction material.

酚醛树脂：常用的和目前技术比较成熟的质量比较稳定的有纯酚醛树脂、丁腈橡胶改性酚醛树脂、腰果壳油改性酚醛树脂。

Phenolic resin: commonly used and relatively mature technology, relatively stable quality of pure phenolic resin, nitrile rubber modified phenolic resin, cashew nut shell oil modified phenolic resin.

橡胶类：丁腈橡胶、丁苯橡胶。

Rubber: nitrile rubber, styrene butadiene rubber.

增强材料：芳纶浆粕、玻璃纤维、钢纤维、棉纤维、陶瓷纤维、矿物纤维、晴纶浆粕、木纤维、铜线维等。

(2) Reinforcement materials: aramid pulp, glass fiber, steel fiber, cotton fiber, ceramic fiber, mineral fiber, acrylic pulp, wood fiber, copper wire, etc.

（3）.增摩材料：刚玉、煅烧氧化铝、碳化硅、二氧化硅。

(3) . friction materials: corundum, calcined alumina, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide.

（4）.减磨材料：鳞片石墨、土状石墨、人造石墨、二硫化钼

(4) . antifriction materials: flake graphite, earth graphite, artificial graphite, molybdenum disulfide

（5）.摩擦材料性能调节剂：硫化锑，二硫化钼、六钛酸钾晶须、锆英粉、硫化锌、硫化亚锡、铬绿、铜粉、锡粉、锌粉、摩擦粉、煅烧石油焦碳、重质氧化镁、还原铁粉、丁腈橡胶粉、轮胎粉等。

(5) Friction material performance regulator: antimony sulfide, molybdenum disulfide, potassium titanate whisker, zircon powder, zinc sulfide, stannous sulfide, chrome green, copper powder, tin powder, zinc powder, friction powder, calcined petroleum coke, heavy magnesium oxide, reduced iron powder, nitrile rubber powder, tire powder, etc.

（6）.填充材料：硫酸钡、重钙、轻钙、氢氧化钙、蛭石、云母、滑石粉、高岭土。

(6) . filling materials: barium sulfate, heavy calcium, light calcium, calcium hydroxide, vermiculite, mica, talcum powder, kaolin.

（7）.着色剂（颜料）：铁黑、铁红、炭黑、铁黄、铁绿

(7) . Colorants (pigments): iron black, iron red, carbon black, iron yellow, iron green

     分类不是绝对的。许多材料具有多种作用。填充料中许多材料在摩擦材料中具有很好的重要作用。例如重晶石粉（硫酸钡）、氢氧化钙、蛭石等。同样对摩擦材料性能有很好的调节作用。必须同样重视。

Classification is not absolute. Many materials have many functions. Many materials in the filler play an important role in friction materials. For example, barite powder (barium sulfate), calcium hydroxide, vermiculite, etc. It also has a good adjustment effect on the properties of friction materials. The same importance must be attached to it.

材料技术指标要求的主要项目：

三、 Main items required by material technical index:

（1）.纯度/化学成份：指要求物质的含量。

(1) Purity / chemical composition: refers to the content of the required substance.

      选用材料的纯度越高，越能体现物质的固有性质，越能达到配方设计初衷。假定选用的是90%鳞片石墨，但采购的材料实际低于90%，起不到预期的降摩、减磨效果。重晶石粉中含二氧化硅/硅酸盐，磨损大、易产生噪音、损伤摩擦对偶。

The higher the purity of the selected material, the more it can reflect the inherent properties of the material, and the more able to achieve the original intention of the formula design. It is assumed that 90% flake graphite is selected, but the actual purchased material is less than 90%, which can not achieve the expected effect of reducing friction and wear. Barite powder contains SiO2 / silicate, which causes great wear, noise and friction damage.

摩擦材料最终是混合物，所以使用材料不要求纯度很高。纯度愈高成本愈高。必须根据资料、借鉴别的公司的经验、根据自己的经验，本公司应用实践，确定一个指标值。可靠办法复合国标或行业标准。纯度高，价格贵。

Friction materials are ultimately mixtures, so the use of materials does not require high purity. The higher the purity, the higher the cost. It is necessary to determine an indicator value based on the data, the experience of the identified company, and the application practice of the company. Reliable methods should be combined with national standards or industry standards. High purity and high price.

只要确定标准后，就不能随价格随意降低标准要求。我曾经遇到过不只几个公司应用的，鳞片石墨含沙石28%，蛭石含沙量31.4%，重晶石粉含二氧化硅28%，含重钙45%。这样的材料绝对不能使用。严重影响产品质量。

As long as the standard is determined, the standard requirements can not be reduced at will with the price. I have encountered more than a few companies to apply, flake graphite contains 28% sand, vermiculite contains 31.4% sand, barite powder contains 28% silica and 45% calcium. Such materials must not be used. It seriously affects the product quality.

公司不一定测定原材料的化学成分，因为化学分析很复杂的，但必须要求供应商保证。

The company does not necessarily determine the chemical composition of raw materials, because the chemical analysis is complex, but the supplier must guarantee.

（2）比重：物体的固有性质，每种原材料都有一个标准值，数据。科技工具书/手册上都有物质的标准比重/密度的资料。采购的材料越是复合标准值测试物质的这一参数，从一定程度反映其纯度。选择原材料时，其比重尽量靠近这个标准值。例如硫酸钡，重晶石粉，比重应当是4.5克/[厘米]³。百度上查到4.2-4.5克/[厘米]³。按市场上纯度标的。我们公司采用的标准要求4.35克/[厘米]³，BaSO₄含量92%，最小88%。弗罗多要求4.15-4.4克/[厘米]³，BaSO₄含量90-98%.阿飞尼亚要求4.35克/[厘米]³，BaSO₄含量94%。

(3) Specific gravity: the inherent property of an object. Each raw material has a standard value, data. Reference books / Handbooks of science and technology all contain information on the standard specific gravity / density of substances. The more composite standard value of the purchased material is, the more this parameter of the test material reflects its purity to a certain extent. When selecting raw materials, the specific gravity should be close to the standard value. For example, barium sulfate, barite powder, the specific gravity should be 4.5 g / [cm] 3. Baidu found 4.2-4.5g / [cm] 3. According to the purity on the market. The standard adopted by our company requires 4.35g / [cm] 3, the content of BaSO4 is 92%, and the minimum is 88%. Frodo requires 4.15-4.4g / [cm] 3, and BaSO4 content is 90-98%. Afania requires 4.35g / [cm] 3, and BaSO4 content is 94%.

测试比重最经典的方法是比重瓶。不困难，需要的是细致。可以查到测定方现在市售的有很先进的测试设备。如美国产的Accupyc 1330 真密度分析仪。

The most classic way to test specific gravity is the pycnometer. It's not difficult. It needs to be meticulous. It can be found that the testing side is now on the market with very advanced testing equipment. Such as accupyc 1330 real density analyzer made in the United States.

(3).粒度：很重要的物理参数。通常国内衡量材料的粒度用目数表示。材料粒度对摩擦材料的性能影响非常大。材料的粒度越小，其表面积越大，即接触面越大，这样材料和有机粘结剂的结合力越大，产品性能越好，同时对产品刚性、韧性、冲击强大等机械性能也越好。增摩材料硬度高、粒度大的话，易产生噪音、损伤摩擦对偶。必须根据材料在摩擦材料中的作用摸索合适的粒子尺寸，例如二硫化钼粒子尺寸小，易分散均匀，效果好；重质碳酸钙是一种橡胶增强剂，需要它分散结合到橡胶的枝链中，所以需要颗粒小。

 （3） Granularity: a very important physical parameter. Generally, the particle size of domestic materials is expressed by mesh number. The particle size has a great influence on the properties of friction materials. The smaller the particle size of the material is, the larger the surface area is, that is, the larger the contact surface is. The greater the binding force between the material and the organic binder is, the better the product performance is, and the better the mechanical properties such as rigidity, toughness and impact strength of the product are. If the hardness and particle size of the friction increasing material is high, it is easy to produce noise and damage friction duality. It is necessary to find the appropriate particle size according to the function of materials in friction materials. For example, the particle size of molybdenum disulfide is small, easy to disperse and uniform, and the effect is good; heavy calcium carbonate is a rubber reinforcing agent, which needs it to disperse and combine into the rubber branch chain, so it needs small particles

    国内一般用材料目数衡量材料粒度。据本人经验，许多320目以下的材料不能简单的用其目数衡量，而且须有粒子尺寸的规定。例如重晶石粉，二硫化钼，硫化锑，白刚玉，碳化硅，氢氧化钙，重质碳酸钙，滑石粉。

The size of material is generally measured by mesh number in China. According to my experience, many materials below 320 mesh can not be simply measured by their mesh size, and there must be provisions for particle size. For example, barite powder, molybdenum disulfide, antimony sulfide, white corundum, silicon carbide, calcium hydroxide, heavy calcium carbonate, talc powder.

我们公司采用的标准（举例）

Standards adopted by our company (examples)

材料粒度测定方法：

The particle size of materials was determined by the following methods：

粒度在大于325目以上的材料一般用振筛机测定。

Materials with particle size greater than 325 mesh are generally measured by vibrating screen.

粒度小于325目的材料可用分样筛筛分，但必须有辅助措施。震动筛上加橡皮球或用水冲刷分样筛进行筛分。

If the particle size is less than 325 mesh, it can be sieved by sample screen, but auxiliary measures must be taken. Rubber ball is added on the vibrating screen or washed with water to screen.

粒度小于325目的材料传统测试方法还有沉降法、刮板法，电子显微镜法等。

The traditional test methods for materials with particle size less than 325 mesh include sedimentation method, scraper method and electron microscope method.

现在有多型号的“激光粒度测定仪”测定粒子的实际尺寸。非常方便实用。

Now there are many models of "laser particle size analyzer" to measure the actual size of particles. Very convenient and practical.

(4).粒度分布：一种材料的粒度即所有的粒子尺寸是绝对不会一致的，存在粒度分布，不能笼统说多少目。不同的材料粒度分布，产品就有不同的力学结构。每批材料的粒度分布变化会造成摩擦性能的变化。大家都遇到过这种情况，什么都没有变化，摩擦系数的莫名其妙的升高或降低，磨损率也增大或降低。什么没有都没动，又恢复了。很有可能由材料的粒度分布变化造成的。所以同批材料，每批材料的物理指标和化学指标必须一致稳定。

例如：常用煅烧石油焦碳的粒度分布，我们采用下述指标。

(4) Particle size distribution: the particle size of a material, that is, all the particle sizes are absolutely not consistent. There is a particle size distribution, so we can not say how many items in general. Different material particle size distribution, the product has different mechanical structure. The change of particle size distribution of each batch of materials will cause the change of friction properties. Everyone has encountered this situation, nothing has changed, the friction coefficient has increased or decreased inexplicably, and the wear rate has also increased or decreased. Nothing moved. It recovered. It is likely to be caused by the change of particle size distribution of the material. Therefore, the physical and chemical indexes of each batch of materials must be consistent and stable.

For example, for the particle size distribution of commonly used calcined petroleum coke, we use the following indicators.

(5) .松散密度与振实密度：

(5) Loose density and tap density:

松散密度是粉末自然堆积的密度,取决于颗粒间的黏附力、滑动的阻力以及粉体孔隙被小颗粒填充的程度、 粉末体的密度、颗粒形状、 颗粒密度和表面状态、 粉末的粒度及粒度组成等因素。粉末颗粒形状愈规则, 其松散密度就愈大; 颗粒表面愈光滑, 松散密度也愈大; 粉末颗粒愈粗大, 其松散密度就愈大; 细粉末形成拱桥和互相黏附妨碍了颗粒相互移动, 故粉末的松散密度减小。粉末颗粒越致密, 松散密度就越大。粉末粒度范围小的粗细粉末, 松散密度都较低。当粗细粉末按一定比例混合均匀后, 可获得最大松散密度, 因为粗颗粒之间的大孔隙可被一部分细颗粒填充。

Loose density is the density of natural accumulation of powder, which depends on the adhesion between particles, the resistance of sliding, the degree of filling pores by small particles, the density, shape, density and surface state of powder, particle size and particle size composition. The more regular the shape of powder particles, the greater the loose density; the smoother the surface of the particles, the greater the loose density; the coarser the powder particles, the greater the loose density; the arch bridge formed by fine powder and adhesion to each other hinder the particles from moving each other, so the loose density of the powder decreases. The denser the powder particles are, the greater the loose density is. The loose density of coarse and fine powders with small particle size range is low. When the coarse and fine powders are mixed evenly in a certain proportion, the maximum loose density can be obtained because the large pores between the coarse particles can be filled by some fine particles.

 振实密度是指在规定条件下容器中的粉末经振实后所测得的单位容积的质量。对干粉末颗粒群施加振动等外力后，达到极限堆积密度，称为振实密度。

Tamping density refers to the mass per unit volume of the powder in the container measured under specified conditions. When the dry powder particle group is applied with vibration and other external forces, it reaches the limit packing density, which is called vibrating density.

视密度（堆积密度）和振实密度是与超细颗粒尺寸、形貌及其尺寸分布和干燥程度（含水率）有关的可测量的宏观特性之一，也是超细粉末产品生产与应用最常用的质量控制参数。

Apparent density (bulk density) and tap density are one of the measurable macro characteristics related to the size, morphology, size distribution and degree of drying (moisture content) of ultrafine particles. They are also the most commonly used quality control parameters for the production and application of ultra-fine powder products.

在物质的纯度和粒度确定后，其松散密度和振实密度应是固定的一个范围，可以粗略衡量材料的纯度，和其质量稳定性，同时作为计算投料量和模具料腔的参考。

After the purity and particle size of the material are determined, the loose density and tap density should be a fixed range, which can roughly measure the purity and quality stability of the material, and can be used as a reference for calculating the feeding amount and mold cavity.

例如：常用煅烧石油焦碳的松散密度和振实密度

For example: loose density and tap density of commonly used calcined petroleum coke

（6）.粉末状材料比表面积

(6) . specific surface area of powder material

体积粉末颗粒具有的总表面积。它通常以m2/g或m2/m3表示。

The total surface area of a powder particle by volume. It is usually expressed in m2 / g or m2 / m3.

粉末状材料比表面积是用来表示粉末活性的一种粉末性能。前者称质量比表面，后者称体积比表面。

The specific surface area of powder material is a kind of powder property used to indicate the activity of powder. The former is called mass specific surface, and the latter is called volume specific surface.

表面积：通常情况下，粉体的比表面积是指单位质量粉体颗粒外部表面积和内部孔结构的表面积之和。 比表面积分为内比表面积、外比表面积和总比表面积。一般比表面积大的材料活性大，吸附能力强。

Surface area: in general, the specific surface area of powder refers to the sum of the external surface area of unit mass powder particles and the surface area of internal pore structure. Specific surface area is divided into internal specific surface area, external specific surface area and total specific surface area. Generally, materials with large specific surface area have high activity and strong adsorption capacity.

粉体材料越细，表面不光滑程度越高，其比表面积越大。

The finer the powder material, the higher the surface roughness and the larger the specific surface area.

表面积大的物质吸附力大，例如活性炭，比表面积大吸附力强。使用在摩擦材料中，其中一个作用就是吸附反应中产生的气体物质，避免压制过程中起泡裂纹。

Materials with large surface area have high adsorption capacity, such as activated carbon, with large specific surface area and strong adsorption capacity. Used in friction materials, one of the functions is to absorb the gas generated in the reaction to avoid blistering and cracking during the pressing process.

表面积大的物质吸附树脂能力强，影响酚醛树脂的用量。

The material with large surface area has strong adsorption capacity, which affects the amount of phenolic resin.

粉尘粒子愈细，比表面积愈大。细粒子常常表现出显著的物理和化学活动性，如氧化、溶解、蒸发、吸附、催化以及生理效应等都能因细粒子比表面大而被加速。有些粉尘的爆炸危险性和毒性，随粒度的减小而增加，原因即在于此。粉尘的润湿性和粘附性也与其比表面积相关联。 摩擦材料生产中遇到很头痛的一个问题就是扬尘。粉状材料粒度越小，扬尘越严重。

The finer the dust particles are, the larger the specific surface area is. Fine particles often exhibit significant physical and chemical activities, such as oxidation, dissolution, evaporation, adsorption, catalysis and physiological effects, which can be accelerated due to their larger specific surface area. The explosion risk and toxicity of some dust increase with the decrease of particle size. The wettability and adhesiveness of dust are also related to its specific surface area. Dust is a headache in the production of friction materials. The smaller the particle size of powder material, the more serious the dust.

材料的技术指标要综合考虑。不同材料搭配，使产品综合性能及工艺性达到最佳状态。

The technical index of materials should be considered comprehensively. The combination of different materials makes the comprehensive performance and processability of the product reach the best state.

（7）.材料的其它技术指标

(7) . other technical specifications of materials

压缩状态下表观体积（纤维材料）

Apparent volume in compression (fibrous materials)

DBP吸油率：一定数量的材料吸收邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP)的吸收数量--克数。 参考确定酚醛树脂的用量。

DBP oil absorption rate: the absorption amount of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) absorbed by a certain amount of materials --- grams. Reference to determine the amount of phenolic resin.

105℃挥发份、800℃灼烧损失/剩余、丙酮萃取、PH值、硬度 、熔点、分解温度。

Volatile matter at 105 ℃, ignition loss / residue at 800 ℃, acetone extraction, pH value, hardness, melting point and decomposition temperature.

比热：选用材料比热大，制动片在摩擦过程中温升就低，损害就小。

Specific heat: if the specific heat of the selected material is large, the temperature rise of the brake pad will be low and the damage will be small.

导热系数：导热系数低，散热性能差，温升快。

Thermal conductivity: low thermal conductivity, poor heat dissipation and fast temperature rise.

导热系数高，散热性能好，向背板和制动泵传输热量多，油温升温高。

High thermal conductivity, good heat dissipation performance, heat transfer to the back plate and brake pump, high oil temperature rise.

各种材料的特性都需要兼顾。

The characteristics of various materials need to be taken into account.

酚醛树脂技术指标：

四、 Technical index of phenolic resin:

摩擦材料配方确定之后，选择粘结剂酚醛树脂就是保证摩擦材料技术指标的关键。

After the formulation of friction material is determined, the selection of binder phenolic resin is the key to ensure the technical index of friction material.

现在国内外的摩擦材料产品基本上是传统的有机基体复合物，粘结剂绝大部分是酚醛树脂。有的公司在配方中加入少量丁腈橡胶和丁苯橡胶，其目的和作用是增加产品韧性和降低硬度。作为粘结剂的酚醛树脂的技术指标和质量对产品的摩擦性能、硬度、冲击强度等起着关键性的作用。

At present, the friction material products at home and abroad are basically traditional organic matrix composites, and most of the binders are phenolic resin. Some companies add a small amount of nitrile rubber and styrene butadiene rubber in the formula, its purpose and function is to increase the toughness and reduce the hardness of products. The technical index and quality of phenolic resin as binder play a key role in friction performance, hardness and impact strength of products.

树脂选择好产品有稳定的摩擦性能、耐热衰退性好、摩擦系数稳定，耐磨损寿命长、硬度适中、噪音产生几率小等。

Good selection of resin products have stable friction performance, good heat degradation, stable friction coefficient, long wear-resistant life, moderate hardness, and low noise generation probability.

选择酚醛树脂的几项指标：

Several indexes of phenolic resin were selected：

1. 软化点：软化点表示酚醛树脂的缩合程度。软化点高缩合程度高分子量大，耐热性好。产品硬度低。软化点低的酚醛树脂分子量小，产品硬度大，分解温度低。在混料时易结块，松散度差。

1. Softening point: the softening point indicates the condensation degree of phenolic resin. High softening point, high condensation degree, high molecular weight and good heat resistance. The hardness of the product is low. Phenolic resin with low softening point has low molecular weight, high hardness and low decomposition temperature. When mixing, it is easy to agglomerate and has poor looseness.

2.流动长度：流动长度的大小和分子量成反比。流动长度大分子量小，应用时工艺性能好，产品组织均匀成型好。

2. Flow length: the flow length is inversely proportional to the molecular weight. The flow length is large, the molecular weight is small, the process performance is good, the product structure is uniform and the molding is good.

3.聚合速度：重要的技术指标，用以确定压制工艺，合理安排放气次数和保压时间。聚合速度长工艺性好，压制效率低。

3. Polymerization speed: an important technical index, which is used to determine the pressing process and reasonably arrange the times of outgassing and holding time. Long polymerization speed, good processability and low pressing efficiency.

4.游离酚含量：不宜过高。酚醛树脂中的游离酚易引起产品起泡、分层、热衰退。游离酚含量高表示树脂聚合度低。国外的高档酚醛树脂游离酚含量≤1%。

4. Free phenol content: should not be too high. The free phenol in phenolic resin is easy to cause foaming, delamination and thermal degradation. High content of free phenol indicates low degree of polymerization. The free phenol content of foreign high-grade phenolic resin is less than 1%.

5.水分/挥发份:不宜过高.水分/挥发份高表示酚醛树脂生产过程中脱水不好。水分/挥发份易使产品产生气泡和分层等疵病。

5.moisture / volatile: should not be too high. High moisture / volatile content indicates that the dehydration of phenolic resin is not good in the production process. Moisture / volatile matter is easy to cause defects such as bubbles and delamination.

6.50%丙酮溶液的粘度：此项检测表明酚醛树脂的聚合程度和分子量。数据越大说明聚合程度高，分子量大，相对的粘结性能越好。

6.50% acetone solution viscosity: this test shows the degree of polymerization and molecular weight of phenolic resin. The larger the data, the higher the degree of polymerization, the larger the molecular weight, the better the relative adhesion.

7. 六次甲基四按含量：六次甲基四胺是热塑性树脂固化剂，一般用量6-10%。供应商根据树脂的具体数据调整加入量以调整酚醛树脂的聚合速度。酚醛树脂夏天活性大，应少加。冬季酚醛树脂活性小，用量可比夏季少一些。多余的六次甲基四按是引起产品分层、起泡的主要原因之一。高质量酚醛树脂的六次甲基四按含量仅6.5%。

7.Content of hexamethylene tetramine: hexamethylenetetramine is the curing agent of thermoplastic resin, the general dosage is 6-10%. The supplier adjusts the dosage according to the specific data of the resin to adjust the polymerization rate of phenolic resin. Phenolic resin is active in summer and should be added less. The activity of phenolic resin is low in winter and its dosage is less than that in summer. The redundant hexamethylene tetra press is one of the main causes of product delamination and foaming. The content of hexamethylene tetrakis in high quality phenolic resin is only 6.5%.

应用实例：

Application example:

1. 鼓式制动衬片用酚醛树脂：总体上，分子量大于4000，控制分子量的分布。

1. Phenolic resin for drum brake lining: in general, the molecular weight is greater than 4000, and the distribution of molecular weight is controlled.

       聚合速度60-80秒

Polymerization speed 60-80 seconds

       六次甲级四胺6.5%

Hexamethylenetetramine 6.5%

       流动长度23-33mm

Flow length 23-33mm

       50%丙酮溶液粘度60mpas

The viscosity of 50% acetone solution is 60mpas

       水分、游离酚含量均<1%

The contents of water and free phenol were less than 1%

       软化点为102℃左右

The softening point is about 102 ℃

2. 盘式制动片应用实例

2. Application examples of disc brake pads

   聚合速度18-28秒

The polymerization speed is 18-28 seconds

   六次甲级四胺9%

Hexamethylenetetramine 9%

   流动长度35-50mm

Flow length 35-50mm

 50%丙酮溶液粘度37mpas

50% acetone solution viscosity 37 MPAs

    水分、游离酚含量分别都<1.5%

The contents of water and free phenol were less than 1.5%

    软化点，90℃

Softening point, 90 ℃

由于采用酚、醛的种类、催化剂类别、酚与醛的摩尔比的不同可生产出多种指标不同的酚醛树脂，应综合分析。

Because of the different kinds of phenols and aldehydes, the types of catalysts and the molar ratio of phenol to aldehyde, a variety of phenolic resins with different indexes can be produced, which should be comprehensively analyzed.

摩擦材料原材料是摩擦材料产品生产的前提，在设计配方时必须研究相关原材料的物理性质和化学性质，必须购买优质原材料。

The raw material of friction material is the premise of the production of friction material products. The physical and chemical properties of relevant raw materials must be studied when designing the formula, and high-quality raw materials must be purchased.

五．原材料管理

五、 Raw material management

 原材料采购入库后，管理是决定原材料能不能发挥其固有作用的重要因素。

After the raw materials are purchased and put into storage, management is an important factor to determine whether the raw materials can play their inherent role.

1. 加强检验

Strengthen inspection

根据原材料的各项技术指标制定相应可靠的检验方法，购置必须的检验设备。只有这样才能保证采购的原材料符合使用要求。

According to the technical indicators of raw materials, formulate corresponding and reliable inspection methods, and purchase necessary inspection equipment. Only in this way can the purchased raw materials meet the use requirements.

2. 准确标识，合理存放，避免混杂 。

2. Accurate identification, reasonable storage, avoid mixing.

3. 根据原材料的不同特性采取不同的保管措施

3. Take different storage measures according to different characteristics of raw materials

（1）酚醛树脂、橡胶、粘结剂等有机材料易发生分解变质而失效，或逐渐降低其作用。温度是提高化学反应速度的关键因素。暴露于超过18℃的环境,其技术性能会在几天内发生变化。

(1) Phenolic resin, rubber, binder and other organic materials are easy to decompose and deteriorate, or gradually reduce their effect. Temperature is the key factor to increase the rate of chemical reaction. When exposed to the environment above 18 ℃, the technical properties will change within a few days.

 例如酚醛树脂存储条件最好为：温度0-25℃。最长存储期180天。车间存储不要超过9天。有条件应在冷藏室保管。

For example, the best storage condition of phenolic resin is 0-25 ℃. The longest storage period is 180 days. Store in the workshop for no more than 9 days. If possible, they should be kept in the cold room.

（2）所有原材料应按采购顺序，最早一批应最先使用.如果超过了存储期或存储温度,必须做新的采样,原材料检测实验室根据就按测数据将指定新的应用时间限制。

(2) All raw materials should be purchased in the order of purchase, and the earliest batch should be used first. If the storage period or storage temperature is exceeded, new sampling must be done. The raw material testing laboratory will specify a new application time limit according to the measured data.

（3）有的材料容易吸水，这样的材料必须存储于干燥室内。打开包装后必须立即扎紧袋子密闭保管。

(3) Some materials are easy to absorb water and must be stored in the drying room. After opening the package, the bag must be tied tightly and kept airtight.

（4）有的材料容易结块，需存储于干燥的室内，结块后必须粉碎后再使用。但酚醛树脂结块后基本报废了。

(4) Some materials are easy to agglomerate and need to be stored in a dry room. They must be crushed before use. But the phenolic resin was basically scrapped after caking.

（5）有的材料化学性质很活泼，易氧化。如金属粉末：铁粉、锌粉、铝粉、钢纤维、铜粉、铜线维等。还有的材料如氢氧化钙易吸收空气中的二氧化碳发生化学反应生成碳酸钙而变质。

(5) Some materials are very active and easy to oxidize. Such as metal powder: iron powder, zinc powder, aluminum powder, steel fiber, copper powder, copper wire dimension, etc. Some materials such as calcium hydroxide are easy to absorb carbon dioxide in the air and produce calcium carbonate through chemical reaction.

所以根据材料的性质应采取合理的保管存放措施。

Therefore, reasonable storage measures should be taken according to the nature of the materials.

以上是我们公司的实践体会，请诸位指正。

The above is our company's practical experience, please correct me.

                             石家庄硕若科技有限公司张豪

Zhang Hao, Shijiazhuang Shuo Ruo Technology Co., Ltd

                                            2020.10